Satellite Constellation

ABSTRACT

A communication system includes a constellation of communication devices orbiting the earth. Each communication device has a corresponding orbital path or trajectory with an inclination angle of less than  90  degrees and greater than zero degrees with respect to the equator of the earth. The constellation includes a first group of communication devices orbiting at a first altitude from the earth and at a first inclination angle. The constellation also includes a second group of communication devices orbiting at a second altitude from the earth lower than the first altitude and at a second inclination angle different from the first inclination angle.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This U.S. patent application is a continuation of, and claims priorityunder 35 U.S.C. §120 from, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/501,859,filed on Sep. 30, 2014, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to a satellite constellation having satellitesorbiting the earth.

BACKGROUND

A communication network is a large distributed system for receivinginformation (signal) and transmitting the information to a destination.Over the past few decades the demand for communication access hasdramatically increased. Although conventional wire and fiber landlines,cellular networks, and geostationary satellite systems have continuouslybeen increasing to accommodate the growth in demand, the existingcommunication infrastructure is still not large enough to accommodatethe increase in demand. In addition, some areas of the world are notconnected to a communication network and therefore cannot be part of theglobal community where everything is connected to the internet.

Satellites can provide communication services to areas where wiredcables cannot reach. Satellites may be geostationary ornon-geostationary. Geostationary satellites remain permanently in thesame area of the sky as viewed from a specific location on earth,because the satellites are orbiting the equator with an orbital periodof exactly one day. Non-geostationary satellites typically operate inlow- or mid-earth orbit, and do not remain stationary relative to afixed point on earth. The orbital path of a satellite can be describedin part by the plane intersecting the center of the earth and containingthe orbit. Each satellite may be equipped with communication devicescalled inter-satellite links (or, more generally, inter-device links) tocommunicate with other satellites in the same plane or in other planes.The communication devices allow the satellites to communicate with othersatellites. In addition, the communication devices significantlyincrease the cost of building, launching and operating each satelliteand increase the weight of the satellite. They also greatly complicatethe design and development of the satellite communication system andassociated antennas and mechanisms to allow each satellite to acquireand track other satellites whose relative position is changing. Eachantenna has a mechanical or electronic steering mechanism, which addsweight, cost, vibration, and complexity to the satellite, and increasesrisk of failure.

SUMMARY

One aspect of the disclosure provides a communication system including aconstellation of communication devices (e.g., satellites) orbiting theearth. Each communication device has a corresponding orbital path ortrajectory with an inclination angle of less than 90 degrees and greaterthan zero degrees with respect to the equator of the earth. Theconstellation further includes a first group of communication devicesorbiting at a first altitude from the earth and at a first inclinationangle and a second group of communication devices orbiting at a secondaltitude from the earth lower than the first altitude and at a secondinclination angle different from the first inclination angle.

Implementations of the disclosure may include one or more of thefollowing optional features. Groups of communication devices may provideoverlapping coverage of portions of the earth.

In some examples, one group of communication devices orbits the earth atan inclination angle equal to about 60 degrees. Additionally oralternatively, the communication devices within an orbital path ortrajectory may be separated by equal distances. The system may furtherinclude a source ground station in communication with a communicationdevice of at least one group of communication devices and a destinationground station in communication with a communication device of at leastone group of communication devices.

A current communication device having possession of a communication maybe in communication with a forward communication device and a rearwardcommunication device. The forward communication device and the rearwardcommunication device may be within the same orbital path or trajectoryas the current communication device.

The communication system may further include a data processing device incommunication with the source ground station, the constellation ofcommunication devices and the destination ground station. The dataprocessing device may determine a routing path of a communication from asource in communication with the source ground station to a destinationin communication with the destination ground station. Additionally oralternatively, the data processing device may determine the routing pathbased on at least one of a border gateway protocol, an interior gatewayprotocol, maximum flow algorithm, or shortest path algorithm. In someimplementations, the data processing device determines the routing pathbased on a scoring function of one or more of a distance between thesource and the destination, a capacity of an inter-satellite linkbetween two devices, an operational status of a communication device,and a signal strength of a communication device. The operational statusof a communication device may include an active status or an inactivestatus of the communication device as a whole or one or more individualcomponents of the communication device.

The first group of communication devices and the second group ofcommunication devices may be arranged to provide at least 75% coverageof the earth at any given time. Moreover, one or more communicationdevices may have a rectangular or hexagonal coverage footprint of theearth.

Another aspect of the disclosure provides a method of communication. Themethod includes determining, at a data processing device, a routing pathof a communication from a source ground station to a destination groundstation through a constellation of communication devices orbiting theearth. Each communication device has a corresponding orbital path ortrajectory with an inclination angle of less than 90 degrees and greaterthan zero degrees with respect to the equator of the earth. Theconstellation includes a first group of communication devices orbitingat a first altitude from the earth and at a first inclination angle anda second group of communication devices orbiting at a second altitudefrom the earth lower than the first altitude and at a second inclinationangle different from the first inclination angle. The method furtherincludes instructing, using the data processing device, the sourceground station to send the communication to the destination groundstation through one or more communication devices of the constellationof communication devices in communication with one another.

In some implementations, the method includes instructing the sourceground station to send the communication to a first communication devicein the first group of communication devices. The method further includesinstructing the first communication device in the first group ofcommunication devices to send the communication to a secondcommunication device in the first group of communication devices or athird communication device in the second group of communication devices.

The first group of communication devices and the second group ofcommunication devices may be arranged to provide at least 75% coverageof the earth at any given time. Moreover, one or more communicationdevices may have a rectangular or hexagonal coverage footprint of theearth.

The details of one or more implementations of the disclosure are setforth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Otheraspects, features, and advantages will be apparent from the descriptionand drawings, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is schematic view of an exemplary global-scale communicationsystem with satellites.

FIG. 1B is schematic view of exemplary orbital paths or trajectories ofthe satellites of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A is a schematic view of an exemplary first groups of satellitesof the global-scale communication system.

FIG. 2B is a schematic view of an exemplary second groups of satellitesof the global-scale communication system.

FIG. 2C is a schematic view of the exemplary first and second groups ofsatellites of the global-scale communication system of FIGS. 2A and 2B.

FIG. 3A is a schematic view of an exemplary path between satellites ofdifferent groups where each group is at a different altitude.

FIG. 3B is a schematic view of an exemplary earth coverage betweensatellites of different groups where each group is at a differentaltitude.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a satellite used in the exemplaryglobal-scale communication system of satellites.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an exemplary path between satellites forsending a communication between a first user and a second user in aglobal-scale communication system cupboard

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an exemplary computing device forimplementing the path of a communication between a first and seconduser.

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an exemplary arrangement of operations forcommunicating between two users.

Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIGS. 1A-1B, in some implementations, a global-scalecommunication system 100 includes satellites 200, gateways 300(including source ground stations 310, destination ground stations 320,and optionally linking-gateways 330), and a system data processingdevice 110. In some examples, the source ground stations 310 and/or thedestination ground stations 320 are user terminals or gateways 300connected to one or more user terminals. A satellite 200 may orbit theearth 30 in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) or Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) or HighEarth Orbit (HEO), including Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO). Thesatellite 200 includes an antenna 207 that receives a communication 20from a source ground station 310 and reroutes the communication signalto a destination ground station 320. The satellite 200 also includes adata processing device 210 that processes the received communication 20and determines a path of the communication 20 to arrive at thedestination ground station 320. Additionally, the global-scalecommunication system 100 includes multiple ground stations 300, such asa source ground station 310, a destination ground station 320, andoptionally a linking-gateway 330. The source ground station 310 is incommunication with a first user 10 a through a cabled, a fiber optic, ora wireless radio-frequency connection 12 a, and the destination groundstation 320 is in communication with the second user 10 b through acabled, a fiber optic, or a wireless radio-frequency connection 12 b. Insome examples, the communication 20 between the source ground station310 and the first user 10 a or the communication 20 between thedestination ground station 320 and the second user 10 b is a wirelesscommunication 20 (either radio-frequency or free-space optical).

A satellite 200 is an object placed into orbit around the earth 30 andmay serve different purposes, such as military or civilian observationsatellites, communication satellites, navigations satellites, weathersatellites, and research satellites. The orbit of the satellite 200varies depending in part on the purpose that the satellite 200 is beingused for. Satellite orbits 202 may be classified based on their altitudefrom the surface of the earth 30 as Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium EarthOrbit (MEO), and High Earth Orbit (HEO). LEO is a geocentric orbit(i.e., orbiting around the earth 30) that ranges in altitude from 0 to1,240 miles. MEO is also a geocentric orbit that ranges in altitude from1,200 mile to 22,236 miles. HEO is also a geocentric orbit and has analtitude above 22,236 miles. Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) is aspecial case of HEO. Geostationary Earth Orbit (GSO, although sometimesalso called GEO) is a special case of Geosynchronous Earth Orbit.

Due to the size of the earth 30, a large number of satellites 200 areutilized to provide signal coverage to the populated world. Satellites200 may have an orbital path or trajectory 204 at about a 90 degreeinclination angle with respect to the equator of the earth 30, but at a90 degree inclination angle, the satellites 200 provide coverage tonon-populated areas, such as the north and south poles. It is desirableto provide a communication system that increases the satellite signalcoverage of the populated world, reduces satellite collision betweensatellites 200 as they orbit the earth 30, reduce the number ofsatellites 200 in the global-scale communication system 100, and provideoverlapping coverage to maintain satellite coverage of a portion of theearth 30 when one of the satellites 200 covering the same portion isexperiencing a malfunction.

Multiple satellites 200 working in concert form a satelliteconstellation. The satellites 200 within the satellite constellation maybe coordinated to operate together and overlap in ground coverage toavoid communication downtime when a satellite 200 is experiencingproblems (e.g., mechanical, electrical, or communication). Two commontypes of constellations are the polar constellation and the Walkerconstellation, both designed to provide maximum earth coverage whileusing a minimum number of satellites 200 b. The polar constellationincludes satellites 200 arranged in a polar constellation that coversthe entire earth 30 and orbits the poles (e.g., the North and Southpoles), while the Walker constellation includes satellites 200 thatcover areas below certain latitudes, which provides a larger number ofsatellites 200 simultaneously in view of a user 10 on the ground(leading to higher availability, fewer dropped connections).

As shown in FIGS, 1A and 1B, a first user 10 a may communicate with thesecond user 10 b or a third user 10 c. Since each user 10 is in adifferent location separated by an ocean or large distances, acommunication 20 is transmitted from the first user 10 a through theglobal-scale communication system 100 to reach its final destination,i.e., the second or third users 10 b, 10 c. Therefore, it is desirableto have a global-scale communication system 100 capable of routingcommunication signal traffic over long distances, where one userlocation is in a location far from a source or destination groundstation 310, 320 (e.g., ocean). It is also desirable to provide reducedlatency of the system 100 and enhanced security due to the use of thesatellites 200, as compared to fiber or cable-based communications.Moreover, it is desirable to have a cost effective system. As will bediscussed later, a global-scale communication system 100 capable ofbeing readily connected and provide connectivity of satellites 200 withfewer and simpler inter-satellite links per satellite 200 is alsodesirable. Lastly, it is desirable to have a global-communication system100 capable of reducing the number of satellites 200 of the globalcommunication system 100 while providing overlapping coverage of thepopulated areas (to compensate for any satellite 200 undergoingproblems).

Referring to FIGS. 2A-3B, the satellites 200 of the global-scalecommunication system 100 are divided into one or more groups 202, eachgroup 202 includes one or more satellites 200. In some examples, eachgroup 202 includes one or more orbital paths or trajectories 204 whereeach orbital path or trajectory 204 includes multiple satellites 200spaced from one another. The satellites 200 within an orbit 204 may beseparated from one another by an equal distance D1, D2. In someexamples, the global-scale communication system 100 includes a firstgroup 202 a of satellites 200 and a second group 202 b of satellites200. The first group 202 a of satellites 200 orbit the earth 30 at afirst altitude A₁; while the second group 202 b of satellites 200 orbitthe earth 30 at a second altitude A₂. The first altitude A₁is greaterthan the second altitude A₂. In some examples, where the global-scalecommunication system 100 includes three or more groups 202 of satellites200, a third group has a third altitude less than the second altitude, afourth group has a fourth altitude less than the third altitude, and soforth. The satellites 200 may be orbiting the earth 30 within the LEOorbit, i.e., below 2,000 km (e.g., 1,300 km).

Launching the first group 202 a of satellites 200 a at a higher firstaltitude A₁ allows the global-scale communication system 100 to havefewer satellites 200 at the first altitude A₁ since the higher asatellite 200 is, the larger coverage area the satellite 200 covers.Following the first group 202 a of satellites 200 a launched at thefirst altitude A₁, the second group 202 b of satellites 200 b islaunched and includes a larger number of satellites 200 b, providing abigger system bandwidth and supporting an increase number of users usingthe global scale communication system 100. Referring to FIG. 3B, thecoverage area C₁ of a first satellite 200 aa of the first group 202 a ofsatellites 200 a is greater that the coverage area C₂ of a secondsatellite 200 bc of a second group 202 b of satellites 200 b. The firstcoverage area C₁ is greater than the second coverage area C₂ because ofthe higher altitude of the first satellite 200 aa.

In some examples, an inclination angle of the first group 202 a ofsatellites 200 a is different than an inclination angle of the secondgroup 200 b of satellites 200 b. The second group 202 b of satellites200 b provides an overlapping coverage to the coverage provided by thefirst group of satellites 200. The orbits 204 within a group 202 ofsatellites 200 may have an equal number of satellites 200 or an unequalnumber of satellites 200. In some examples, the inclination angle (e.g.,60 degree angle) prevents the satellite 200 from undergoing any pitchmaneuvers to increase its coverage area.

The overlapping coverage caused by the satellites 200 a of the firstgroup 202 a and the satellites 200 b of the second group 202 b, as shownin FIG. 3B, (e.g., shown by a first satellite 200 aa of the first group200 a and two other satellites 200 ba, 200 bb of the second group 202 b)allows the satellites 200 to share power across the constellation 100,thus reducing the battery power needed for each satellite 200. Moreover,maintaining a constant inclination angle eliminates the need for aninter-satellite gimbal. A gimbal is a pivoted support that allows therotation of an object about a single axis, and is usually used to keepan object upright with respect to another when the object is pitchingand rolling.

Power flux density (PDF) is a measure of the power that is spread evenlyacross a sphere having a radius from an antenna 207 (of a satellite200), per unit area of that sphere. The PDF depends on a totaltransmitted power of the signal. Therefore, due to an overlappingcoverage of the earth 30, the PDF per satellite 200 is decreased due tosharing of power between the satellites 200.

In some implementations, the system 100 includes coverage gaps for ashort duration, such as transitory coverage gaps, which may reduce thequality of service (QOS) of the signals, but also reduces the totalnumber of satellites 200 covering the populated earth 30.

Squint is the angle that the transmission of the satellite 200 is offsetfrom the normal of the plane of the antenna 207 of the satellite 200. Insome examples, the squint angle of the satellites 200 is 45 degrees orless, e.g., 37 degrees.

The system data processing device 110 may be any one of the dataprocessing devices 210 of the satellites 200, the data processing device110 of any of the gateways 300, another data processing device incommunication with the satellites 200 and gateways, or a combinationthereof.

The first group 202 a of satellites 200 a and the second group 202 b ofsatellites 200 b may be arranged to provide at least 75% coverage of theearth at any given time. Moreover, one or more satellites 200 may have arectangular or hexagonal coverage footprint of the earth. The hexagonalcoverage footprint may allow for the fewest satellites 200. For example,29 satellites 200 in 29 planes/orbits 204 results in a total of 841satellites 200 for a 45 degree squint at an altitude of 925 kilometers.A higher altitude reduces the squint and satellite count. For example,at an altitude of 1300 kilometers, the communication system 100 mayinclude 32×32 (32 satellites 200 in 32 planes/orbits 204), resulting ina total of 1024 satellites 200 for a 35 degree squint. In some examples,the communication system 100 employs rectangular coverage pattern andmay include 29×42 (29 satellites 200 in 42 planes/orbits 204), resultingin a total of 1218 satellites 200 for a 45 degree squint. Thisarrangement is insensitive to true anomaly phasing, by being flexiblefor inserting spare satellites 200 and allowing control of conjunctionmisses.

The ubiquitous double coverage of the earth caused by the satellites 200a of the first group 202 a and the satellites 200 b of the second group202 b allows for outages of satellites 200 (individual spacecraftfailures), power sharing throughout the constellation of satellites 200,and multiple LOS opportunities for every ground-space link, offering anability to de-conflict from “keep away” lines of sight (e.g., toGeosynchronous Satellites). The double coverage of satellites 200 alsoallows maximum utilization of the individual spacecraft's′ footprints,with enhanced (more) overlap over populous areas, synchrony throughoutthe constellation, for predictable and safe conjunction miss distancesat the orbit intersections, and low spacecraft count without recourse topolar inclinations that unnecessarily provide coverage of unpopulatedarctic regions.

Referring to FIG. 4, a satellite 200 includes a satellite body 206having a data processing device 210. The data processing device 210executes algorithms to determine where the satellite 200 is heading. Thesatellite 200 also includes an antenna 207 for receiving andtransmitting a communication 20. The satellite 200 includes solar panels208 mounted on the satellite body 206. The solar panels 208 providepower to the satellite 200. In some examples, the satellite 200 includesrechargeable batteries used when sunlight is not reaching and chargingthe solar panels 208.

Communication security can be a major concern when building acommunication network that allows different users 10 to communicate overlong distances and especially continents. A communication signal beingtransmitted via a cable may be intercepted and the information beingcommunicated may be retrieved. In some examples, fiber optics cables canbe tapped for interception of communications using special tappingequipment. Interception of an optical fiber allows for the retrieval ofall voice and data communications transmitted through the fiber cable,which in most instances may not be detected. The fiber may also bedeliberately or accidentally cut or damaged, interruptingcommunications. Therefore, to avoid or minimize data interception orinterruption, the global-scale communication system 100 limits or insome cases eliminates the use of fiber cables, providing a more securesignal trafficking. For example, the use of fiber optic cables islimited to relatively short distances from the source and destinationground stations 310, 320 to the user 10. The global-communicationnetwork 100 provides overlapping coverage of portions of the earth 30 toavoid situations where one satellite 200, providing coverage to a firstarea, is experiencing problems that prevents the satellite 200 fromreceiving or transferring a communication to a user 10 located in thatfirst area (as shown and described with respect to FIG. 3B). Therefore,another satellite 200 covering the same area is capable of transmittingthe communication 20 to the user 10, without having to route thecommunication 20 so that it is transferred via cables, if available.

Referring back to FIGS. 1-3B, when constructing a global-scalecommunications system 100 from multiple satellites 200, it is sometimesdesirable to route traffic over long distances through the system 100 bylinking one satellite 200 to another. For example, two satellites 200may communicate via inter-satellite links. Such inter-satellite linking(ISL) is useful to provide communication services to areas far fromsource and destination ground stations 310, 320 and may also reducelatency and enhance security (fiber optic cables 12 may be interceptedand data going through the cable may be retrieved). This type ofinter-satellite communication is different than the “bent-pipe” model,in which all the signal traffic goes from a ground-base gateway 310, 320to a satellite 200 b, and then directly down to a user 10 on earth 30 orvice versa. The “bent-pipe” model does not include any inter-devicecommunications; instead, the satellite 200 b acts as a repeater. In someexamples of “bent-pipe” models, the signal received by the satellite 200b is amplified before it is re-transmitted; however, no signalprocessing occurs. In other examples of the “bent-pipe” model, part orall of the signal may be processed and decoded to allow for one or moreof routing to different beams, error correction, or quality-of-servicecontrol; however no inter-satellite communication occurs.

In some implementations, satellites 200 within the same plane 204maintain the same position relative to their intra-plane satellite 200neighbors. However, the position of a satellite 200 relative toneighbors in an adjacent plane 202 (within the same group 202 or adifferent group) varies over time. For example, referring back to FIG.1B, the large-scale satellite constellation 100 includes a first group202 a of satellites 200 a positioned about one or more orbital paths 204a and a second group 202 b of satellites 200 b positioned about one ormore orbital paths 204 b. A satellite distance D₁ between a firstsatellite 200 aa of a first orbital path 204 aa and a second satellite200 ab of the same orbital path 204 aa is the same as the distance D_(i)between the second satellite 200 ab of the first orbital path 204 aa anda third satellite 200 ac of the first orbital path 204 aa. The sameapplies for the distances between the satellites 200 b of any orbitalpath (e.g., a second distance D₂ between satellites 200 b of an orbitalpath 204 b within the second group 204 b of satellites 200 b). Thus,satellites 200 within the same plane 204 (which corresponds roughly to aspecific latitude, at a given point in time) maintain a roughly constantposition relative to their intra-plane neighbors (i.e., a forward and arearward satellite 200), but their position relative to neighbors in anadjacent plane varies over time.

Inter-satellite link (ISL) eliminates or reduces the number of satellite200 to gateway hops, which decreases the latency and increases theoverall network capabilities. Inter-satellite links allow forcommunication traffic from one satellite 200 covering a particularregion to be seamlessly handed over to another satellite 200 coveringthe same region, where a first satellite 200 is leaving the first areaand a second satellite 200 is entering the area.

In some implementations, a satellite constellation includes satellites200 having enough inter-satellite links to make the constellationfully-connected, where each satellite 200 is equipped with communicationequipment and additional antennas 207 to track the location of othersatellites 200 in the same plane 202 or in other adjacent planes 202 inorder to communicate with the other satellites 200 b.

In some examples, an additional antenna 207 of a current satellite 200is capable of tracking any other satellite 200 within the view of thecurrent satellite 200. Thus the additional antenna 207 tracks othersatellites 200 in a different orbit and/or group of satellites 200. Thisincreases the cost of the satellite 200, since it adds additionalhardware (e.g., the additional antennas) and computations for thesatellite 200 to track satellites 200 in other planes 202 whose positionis constantly changing.

In other examples, and to maintain the simplicity and low cost ofdesign, construction, and launch of the system 100, the system 100includes a satellite 200 that only tracks a first satellite 200 in frontor forward of it and another satellite 200 behind it or rearward of itand uses linking-gateways 330 to link a communication 20 from one plane204 to another. In this case, and to achieve a fully-connected system100, the system 100 includes linking-gateways 330 that receive acommunication 20 from a satellite 200 and send the communication 20 toanother satellite 200 in a different plane 204.

As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, a linking-gateway 330 may connect twosatellites 200, each being in a different group 202 a, 202 b. Thelinking-gateway 330 receives the communication 20 from the first group202 a of satellites 200 and sends the communication 20 to the secondgroup 202 b of satellites 200. Moreover, the linking-gateway 330 mayreceive a communication 20 from a satellite 200 within a group 202 a,202 b and send the communication 20 to another satellite 200 within thesame group 202 a, 202 b.

In some examples, a first satellite 200 a orbiting a plane 204 a of thefirst group 202 a receives a communication 20 from a source groundstation 310 and sends the communication 20 to a second satellite 200 borbiting a plane 204 b of the second group 202 b which in turn sends thecommunication to a destination ground station 320. This set-up providesa fully-connected satellite constellation at a lower price and with lesscomplexity than the current satellites 200 that have complex algorithmsto track multiple other satellites 200, which means a signal from onesatellite 200 can be sent to any other satellite 200 within theconstellation. For example, within a plane 204, each satellite 200 canlink with a forward satellite 200 located in front of the currentsatellite 200, and a backward satellite 200 located rearward the currentsatellite 200. This reduces the number of links of each satellite 200 toother satellites 200, thus reducing the cost of additional equipmentneeded for tracking more than one satellite 200.

As shown, in some implementations, to increase coverage of the populatedearth 30, each plane 204 has an inclination with respect to the equator40 of the earth of greater than 0 and less or equal to 60 degrees.Additionally, all the orbits 204 within a group 202 may have an equalinclination. For example, if a first orbit 204 aa of a first group 202 ahas a first inclination of 60 degrees with respect to the equator 40,then any other orbit 204 a within the same group 202 a has aninclination of 60 degrees with respect to the equator 40 of the earth30. Therefore, the lower inclination of the orbits 204 (as opposed topolar orbits) decreases the number of satellites 200 to about half(e.g., as compared to a polar constellation) since the constellation isonly covering the populated portion of the world and avoiding wastedcoverage of the non-populated areas, such as the north and south poles.Moreover, due to the decrease of the number of satellites 200, which isa cost savings, an additional cost savings is a reduction in the cost oflaunching the satellites 200.

A ground station 300 is usually used as a connector between satellites200 and the internet, or between satellites 200 and user terminals 10.However, the system 100 utilizes the gateways 300 as linking-gateways330 for relaying a communication 20 from one satellite 200 to anothersatellite 200, where each satellite is in a different group 202 or plane204. Each linking-gateway 330 receives a communication 20 from anorbiting satellite 200, processes the communication 20 and switches thecommunication 20 to another satellite 200 in a different group 202 orplane 204. Therefore, the combination of the satellite 200 and thelinking-gateways 330 provide a fully-connected system 100 when using thelinking-gateways 330 to fill the gap reducing the number of antennas ofeach satellite 200, which track other satellite devices that are withinanother group 202 or plane 204 of the current satellite 200.

FIG. 5 provides an example of communication paths 22 from a first user10 a to a second user 10 b. In some examples, a first user 10 a inBrazil wants to communicate with a second user 10 b in the U.S.A. Thefirst user 10 a sends a communication 20 to the second user 10 b. Theglobal-scale communication system 100 receives the communication 20 at asource ground station 310 and determines (using the system dataprocessor 110) a path 22 leading to the destination ground station 320.In some examples, the source ground station 310 receives thecommunication 20 from the first user 10 a through a cabled or fiberoptic connection 12. In other examples, the source ground station 310receives the communication 20 through a wireless radio-frequencycommunication. Similarly, the destination ground station 320 maytransmit the communication 20 to the second user 10 b through cables orfiber optic connection 12, or through a wireless radio-frequencycommunication. Other examples are possible as well, such as free-spaceoptical communications or combinations of free-space optical, cabled,wireless radio-frequency, and fiber optic communications between users10 and gateways 300 (e.g., source and destination ground stations 310,320). Moreover, a user 10 may be in a house, a residential building, acommercial building, a data center, a computing facility, or a serviceprovider. In some examples, the source ground station 310 and/or thedestination ground station 320 connects to one or more users 10.Moreover, a user 10 may be a source ground station 310 or a destinationground station 320.

When the system 100 receives the communication 20, the system dataprocessing device 110, 210 determines the routing path 22 of thecommunication 20 based on one or more criterions. In someimplementations, the system data processing device 110, 210 considers,but is not limited to, border gateway protocol (which includes routingalgorithms), interior gateway protocol, maximum flow problem, and/orshortest path problem.

The border gateway protocol (BGP) is an exterior gateway protocol usedto exchange routing and reachability information between autonomoussystems on the internet. The protocol is classified as either a pathvector protocol or a distance vector routing protocol. The path routingprotocol is a computer routing protocol for maintaining the pathinformation (of a communication 20) that gets updated dynamically. Thepath routing protocol is different from the distance vector routingprotocol in that each entry in its routing table includes a destinationnetwork (e.g., destination ground station 320 or end user 10 b), thenext router (e.g., the next satellite 200), and the path 22 to reach thedestination ground station 320. The distance vector routing protocolrequires that a router (e.g., satellite 200 or linking-gateway 330)informs its neighbors (e.g., HA satellite CD 200 or linking-gateway 330)of topology changes periodically. When the system 100 uses the distancevector routing protocol, the system 100 considers the direction in whicheach communication 20 should be forwarded, and the distance from itsdestination (current position). The system data processing device 110calculates the direction and the distance to any other satellite 200 inthe system 100. Direction is the measure of the cost to reach the nextdestination; therefore, the shortest distance between two nodes (e.g.,satellites 200, gateways 300) is the minimum distance. The routing tableof the distance vector protocol of a current device (e.g., satellite 200or gateway 300) is periodically updated and may be sent to neighboringdevices. BGP does not utilize Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).

Interior gateway protocol (IGP) may be used for exchanging routinginformation between gateways (e.g., satellites 200 or linking-gateways330) within an autonomous system (e.g., the system 100). This routinginformation can then be used to route network-level protocols likeInternet Protocol (IP). By contrast, exterior gateway protocols are usedto exchange routing information between autonomous systems and rely onIGPs to resolve routes within an autonomous system. IGP can be dividedinto two categories: distance-vector routing protocols and link-staterouting protocols.

Specific examples of IGP protocols include Open Shortest Path First(OSPF), Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Intermediate System toIntermediate System (IS-IS).

The maximum flow problem and associated algorithm includes finding afeasible flow from a single source to a single destination through anetwork that is maximal, where the source and the destination areseparated by other devices (e.g. satellites 200, gateways 300). Themaximum flow problem considers the upper bound capacity between thesatellites 200 or gateways 300 to determine the maximum flow. Theshortest path problem includes finding a shortest path 22 between thesatellites or gateways 300, where the shortest path 22 includes thesmallest cost. Shortest path may be defined in terms of physicaldistance, or in terms of some other quantity or composite score orweight, which is desirable to minimize. Other algorithms may also beused to determine the path 22 of a communication 20.

The algorithms used to determine the path 22 of a communication 20 mayinclude a scoring function for assigning a score or weight value to eachlink (communication between the satellites 200 or between the satellites200 and the gateways 300). These scores are considered in the algorithmsused. For example, the algorithm may try to minimize the cumulativeweight of the path 22 (i.e., sum of the weights of all the links thatmake up the path 22). In some implementations, the system data processor110 considers the physical distance (and, closely related, latency)between the satellite 200 or gateway 300, the current link load comparedto the capacity of the link between the satellite 200 or gateway 300,the health of the satellite 200 or gateway 300, or its operationalstatus (active or inactive, where active indicates that the device isoperational and healthy and inactive where the device is notoperational); the battery of the satellite 200 or gateway 300 (e.g., howlong will the device have power); and the signal strength at the userterminal (for user terminal-to-satellite link).

Referring back to FIG. 5, the system data processing device 110, 210 maydetermine multiple paths 22 of the communication 20 as shown, but selectone of the paths 22 based on differing factors. For example, the sourceground station 310 receives the communication 20 and sends it to thenearest satellite 200 aa in a first group 202 a, which in turn sends itto a linking-gateway 330 a. In other examples, the source ground station310 sends the communication 20 to a further satellite 200 ba within thesecond group 202 b of satellites 200 b. Each satellite 200 receiving acommunication 20 sends the communication 20 (based on the discussedcriteria) to another satellite 200 or linking gateway 330 until thecommunication reaches its final destination, the end user 10 b. Asdescribed, the communication 20 hops planes 204 by using thelinking-gateway 330.

FIG. 6 is schematic view of an example computing device 600 that may beused to implement the systems and methods described in this document.The computing device 600 is intended to represent various forms ofdigital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personaldigital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and otherappropriate computers. The components shown here, their connections andrelationships, and their functions, are meant to be exemplary only, andare not meant to limit implementations of the inventions describedand/or claimed in this document.

The computing device 600 includes a processor 610, memory 620, a storagedevice 630, a high-speed interface/controller 640 connecting to thememory 620 and high-speed expansion ports 650, and a low speed interface660 connecting to a low speed bus 670 and a storage device 630. Each ofthe components 610, 620, 630, 640, 650, and 660, are interconnectedusing various busses, and may be mounted on a common motherboard or inother manners as appropriate. The processor 610 can process instructionsfor execution within the computing device 600, including instructionsstored in the memory 620 or on the storage device 630 to displaygraphical information for a graphical user interface (GUI) on anexternal input/output device, such as a display 680 coupled to highspeed interface 640. In other implementations, multiple processorsand/or multiple buses may be used, as appropriate, along with multiplememories and types of memory. Also, multiple computing devices 600 maybe connected, with each device providing portions of the necessaryoperations (e.g., as a server bank, a group of blade servers, or amulti-processor system).

The memory 620 stores information non-transitorily within the computingdevice 600. The memory 620 may be a computer-readable medium, a volatilememory unit(s), or non-volatile memory unit(s). The non-transitorymemory 620 may be physical devices used to store programs (e.g.,sequences of instructions) or data (e.g., program state information) ona temporary or permanent basis for use by the computing device 600.Examples of non-volatile memory include, but are not limited to, flashmemory and read-only memory (ROM)/programmable read-only memory(PROM)/erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM)/electronicallyerasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) (e.g., typically usedfor firmware, such as boot programs). Examples of volatile memoryinclude, but are not limited to, random access memory (RAM), dynamicrandom access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), phasechange memory (PCM) as well as disks or tapes.

The storage device 630 is capable of providing mass storage for thecomputing device 600. In some implementations, the storage device 630 isa computer-readable medium. In various different implementations, thestorage device 630 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, anoptical disk device, or a tape device, a flash memory or other similarsolid state memory device, or an array of devices, including devices ina storage area network or other configurations. In additionalimplementations, a computer program product is tangibly embodied in aninformation carrier. The computer program product contains instructionsthat, when executed, perform one or more methods, such as thosedescribed above. The information carrier is a computer- ormachine-readable medium, such as the memory 620, the storage device 630,or memory on processor 610.

The high speed controller 640 manages bandwidth-intensive operations forthe computing device 600, while the low speed controller 660 manageslower bandwidth-intensive operations. Such allocation of duties isexemplary only. In some implementations, the high-speed controller 640is coupled to the memory 620, the display 680 (e.g., through a graphicsprocessor or accelerator), and to the high-speed expansion ports 650,which may accept various expansion cards (not shown). In someimplementations, the low-speed controller 660 is coupled to the storagedevice 630 and low-speed expansion port 670. The low-speed expansionport 670, which may include various communication ports (e.g., USB,Bluetooth, Ethernet, wireless Ethernet), may be coupled to one or moreinput/output devices, such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a scanner,or a networking device, such as a switch or router, e.g., through anetwork adapter.

The computing device 600 may be implemented in a number of differentforms, as shown in FIG. 6. For example, it may be implemented as astandard server 600 a or multiple times in a group of such servers 600a, as a laptop computer 600 b, or as part of a rack server system 600 c.

FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 of communication. The method 700includes determining 702, at a data processing device 110, 210, arouting path 22 of a communication 20 from a source ground station 310to a destination ground station 320 through a constellation ofcommunication devices orbiting the earth 30. Each communication device200 (e.g., satellite) has a corresponding orbital path or trajectory 204with an inclination angle of less than 90 degrees and greater than zerodegrees with respect to the equator 40 of the earth 30. Theconstellation includes a first group 202 a of communication devicesorbiting at a first altitude A₁ from the earth 30 and at a firstinclination angle. A second group 202 b of communication devices 200orbits at a second altitude A₂ from the earth 30 lower than the firstaltitude A₁ and at a second inclination angle different from the firstinclination angle. The method 700 also includes instructing 704, usingthe data processing device 110, 210, the source ground station 310 tosend the communication 20 to the destination ground station 320 throughone or more communication devices 200 of the constellation ofcommunication devices 200 in communication with one another.

In some examples, the method 700 includes instructing the source groundstation 310 to send the communication to a first communication device inthe first group 202 a of communication devices and instructing the firstcommunication device in the first group 202 a of communication devicesto send the communication 20 to a second communication device in thefirst group 202 a of communication devices or a third communicationdevice in the second group 202 b of communication devices. In someexamples, the communication device includes a satellite 200. The groups202 of communication devices may provide overlapping coverage ofportions of the earth 30.

In some implementations, one group of communication devices 202 orbitsthe earth 30 at an inclination angle equal to about 60 degrees. Eachgroup 202 of communication devices 200 may include multiple orbitalpaths or trajectories 204, with each orbital path 204 having multiplecommunication devices 200 spaced form one another. The communicationdevices 200 within an orbital path or trajectory 204 may be separated byequal distances D₁, D₂.

In some examples, the method 700 further includes instructing a currentcommunication device 200 having possession of a communication 20 to sendthe communication 20 to a forward or rearward communication devicewithin the orbital path or trajectory 204 of the current communicationdevice 200. Determining the routing path 22 of a communication 20 fromthe source ground station 310 to the destination ground station 320 mayinclude determining the routing path 22 based on at least one of aborder gateway protocol, an interior gateway protocol, maximum flowalgorithm, or shortest path algorithm. Alternatively, determining therouting path 22 of a communication 20 from the source ground station 310to the destination ground station 320 may include determining based on ascoring function of one or more of a distance between the source and thedestination ground stations 310, 320, a capacity of an inter-satellitelink between two devices, and operational status of a communicationdevice, and a signal strength of a communication device.

Various implementations of the systems and techniques described here canbe realized in digital electronic and/or optical circuitry, integratedcircuitry, specially designed ASICs (application specific integratedcircuits), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinationsthereof. These various implementations can include implementation in oneor more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on aprogrammable system including at least one programmable processor, whichmay be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data andinstructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storagesystem, at least one input device, and at least one output device.

These computer programs (also known as programs, software, softwareapplications or code) include machine instructions for a programmableprocessor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/orobject-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machinelanguage. As used herein, the terms “machine-readable medium” and“computer-readable medium” refer to any computer program product,non-transitory computer readable medium, apparatus and/or device (e.g.,magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, Programmable Logic Devices(PLDs)) used to provide machine instructions and/or data to aprogrammable processor, including a machine-readable medium thatreceives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term“machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machineinstructions and/or data to a programmable processor.

Implementations of the subject matter and the functional operationsdescribed in this specification can be implemented in digital electroniccircuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including thestructures disclosed in this specification and their structuralequivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Moreover,subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as oneor more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computerprogram instructions encoded on a computer readable medium for executionby, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. Thecomputer readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, amachine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition ofmatter effecting a machine-readable propagated signal, or a combinationof one or more of them. The terms “data processing apparatus”,“computing device” and “computing processor” encompass all apparatus,devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example aprogrammable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers.The apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates anexecution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., codethat constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a databasemanagement system, an operating system, or a combination of one or moreof them. A propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g.,a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal thatis generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiverapparatus.

A computer program (also known as an application, program, software,software application, script, or code) can be written in any form ofprogramming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, andit can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or asa module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in acomputing environment. A computer program does not necessarilycorrespond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in aportion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or morescripts stored in a markup language document), in a single filededicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files(e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portionsof code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on onecomputer or on multiple computers that are located at one site ordistributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communicationnetwork.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions by operating on input data andgenerating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performedby, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC(application specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computerneed not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded inanother device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant(PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS)receiver, to name just a few. Computer readable media suitable forstoring computer program instructions and data include all forms ofnon-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way ofexample semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flashmemory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removabledisks; magneto optical disks; and CD ROM and DVD-ROM disks. Theprocessor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in,special purpose logic circuitry.

One or more aspects of the disclosure can be implemented in a computingsystem that includes a backend component, e.g., as a data server, orthat includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, orthat includes a frontend component, e.g., a client computer having agraphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user caninteract with an implementation of the subject matter described in thisspecification, or any combination of one or more such backend,middleware, or frontend components. The components of the system can beinterconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication,e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networksinclude a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), aninter-network (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., adhoc peer-to-peer networks).

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In someimplementations, a server transmits data (e.g., an HTML page) to aclient device (e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receivinguser input from a user interacting with the client device). Datagenerated at the client device (e.g., a result of the user interaction)can be received from the client device at the server.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of the disclosure or of what maybe claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific toparticular implementations of the disclosure. Certain features that aredescribed in this specification in the context of separateimplementations can also be implemented in combination in a singleimplementation. Conversely, various features that are described in thecontext of a single implementation can also be implemented in multipleimplementations separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover,although features may be described above as acting in certaincombinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more featuresfrom a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from thecombination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.

Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particularorder, this should not be understood as requiring that such operationsbe performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, orthat all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirableresults. In certain circumstances, multi-tasking and parallel processingmay be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various systemcomponents in the embodiments described above should not be understoodas requiring such separation in all embodiments, and it should beunderstood that the described program components and systems cangenerally be integrated together in a single software product orpackaged into multiple software products.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, thisdisclosure may be applied to high altitude pseudo-satellites (HAPSs)and/or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) orbiting or moving around theearth in conjunction with or in place of satellites. Accordingly, otherimplementations are within the scope of the following claims. Forexample, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in adifferent order and still achieve desirable results.

What is claimed is:
 1. A communication system comprising: aconstellation of communication devices orbiting earth, eachcommunication device having a corresponding orbital path and aninclination angle with respect to the equator of the earth, theconstellation comprising: a first group of communication devices havingorbital paths at a first altitude from the earth and at a firstinclination angle, each orbital path of the first group of communicationdevices having multiple communication devices spaced apart from oneanother; and a second group of communication devices having orbitalpaths at a second altitude from the earth lower than the first altitudeand at a second inclination angle different from the first inclinationangle, each orbital path of the second group of communication deviceshaving multiple communication devices spaced apart from one another; andat least one linking device separate from and in communication with theconstellation of communication devices, the at least one linking devicerelaying communications between two communication devices that are in adifferent groups of communication devices and/or in different orbitalpaths, wherein the first group of communication devices communicateswith the second group of communication devices only by way of the atleast one linking device.
 2. The communication system of claim 1,wherein a first communication device having a first orbital pathcommunicates with a second communication device having a second orbitalpath only by way of the at least one linking device.
 3. Thecommunication system of claim 2, wherein the first communication deviceand the second communication device reside in the same group ofcommunication devices or in different groups of communication devices.4. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the inclination angle ofeach communication device is less than 90 degrees and greater than zerodegrees with respect to the equator of the earth.
 5. The communicationsystem of claim 4, wherein the inclination angle of the communicationdevices of one of the groups of communication devices is about 60degrees.
 6. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the groups ofcommunication devices provide overlapping coverage of portions of theearth.
 7. The communication system of claim 1, wherein the communicationdevices within each orbital path are separated by equal distances. 8.The communication system of claim 1, wherein a current communicationdevice having possession of a communication is in communication with aforward communication device and a rearward communication device, theforward communication device and the rearward communication devicewithin the same orbital path as the current communication device.
 9. Thecommunication system of claim 1, further comprising: a source groundstation in communication with the constellation of communicationdevices; a destination ground station in communication with theconstellation of communication devices; and a data processing device incommunication with the source ground station, the constellation ofcommunication devices, and the destination ground station, the dataprocessing device determining a routing path of a communication from thesource ground station to the destination ground station.
 10. Thecommunication system of claim 9, wherein the data processing devicedetermines the routing path based on a scoring function of one or moreof a distance between the source and the destination, a capacity of aninter-satellite link between two devices, an operational status of acommunication device, or a signal strength of a communication device,wherein the operational status of a communication device comprises anactive status or an inactive status of the communication device as awhole or one or more individual components of the communication device.11. A method comprising: determining, at data processing hardware, arouting path of a communication from a source ground station to adestination ground station through a constellation of communicationdevices orbiting earth, each communication device having a correspondingorbital path and an inclination angle with respect to the equator of theearth, the constellation comprising: a first group of communicationdevices having orbital paths at a first altitude from the earth and at afirst inclination angle, each orbital path of the first group ofcommunication devices having multiple communication devices spaced apartfrom one another; and a second group of communication devices havingorbital paths at a second altitude from the earth lower than the firstaltitude and at a second inclination angle different from the firstinclination angle, each orbital path of the second group ofcommunication devices having multiple communication devices spaced apartfrom one another; and instructing, by the data processing hardware, thesource ground station to send the communication to the destinationground station along the determined routing path through theconstellation of communication devices, wherein at least one linkingdevice separate from and in communication with the constellation ofcommunication devices relays communications between two communicationdevices that are in a different groups of communication devices and/orin different orbital paths, and wherein the first group of communicationdevices communicates with the second group of communication devices onlyby way of the at least one linking device.
 12. The method of claim 11,wherein a first communication device having a first orbital pathcommunicates with a second communication device having a second orbitalpath only by way of the at least one linking device.
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein the first communication device and the secondcommunication device reside in the same group of communication devicesor in different groups of communication devices.
 14. The method of claim11, wherein the inclination angle of each communication device is lessthan 90 degrees and greater than zero degrees with respect to theequator of the earth.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein theinclination angle of the communication devices of one of the groups ofcommunication devices is about 60 degrees.
 16. The method of claim 11,wherein the groups of communication devices provide overlapping coverageof portions of the earth.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein thecommunication devices within each orbital path are separated by equaldistances.
 18. The method of claim 11, further comprising: instructing,by the data processing hardware, the source ground station to send thecommunication to a first communication device in the first group ofcommunication devices; and instructing, by the data processing hardware,the first communication device in the first group of communicationdevices to send the communication to: a second communication device inthe first group of communication devices; or a third communicationdevice in the second group of communication devices.
 19. The method ofclaim 11, further comprising instructing, by the data processinghardware, a current communication device having possession of acommunication to send the communication to a forward communicationdevice or a rearward communication device within the same orbital pathof the current communication device.
 20. The method of claim 11, whereindetermining the routing path of the communication from the source groundstation to the destination ground station is based on a scoring functionof one or more of a distance between the source ground station and thedestination ground station, a capacity of an inter-satellite linkbetween two devices, an operational status of a communication device, ora signal strength of a communication device, wherein the operationalstatus of a communication device comprises an active status or aninactive status of the communication device as a whole or one or moreindividual components of the communication device.